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Tiểu luận Tư duy phản biện và tư duy sáng tạo
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Đặt câu hỏi đúng: Dẫn lối tư duy phản biện (Asking the right questions: A guide to critical thinking)
Nguyên tắt đầu tiên của tư duy phản biện đó là biết đặt câu hỏi đúng (Ảnh: Internet)
Nguyên tắt đầu tiên của tư duy phản biện đó là biết đặt câu hỏi đúng. Có được những câu hỏi đúng giúp con người thu hẹp khoảng cách giữa việc chỉ ghi nhớ hoặc mù quáng chấp nhận thông tin với một thách thức lớn hơn là phân tích tổng hợp được vấn đề.
Vậy là thế nào để đặt được câu hỏi đúng? Cuốn sách nhỏ bé này sẽ giúp bạn. Cuốn sách mở ra hướng đi khám phá các thành phần của lập luận (vấn đề, kết luận, lý do, bằng chứng, giả định, ngôn ngữ) và cách phát hiện các sai sót, trở ngại đối với tư duy phản biện trong cả giao tiếp bằng văn bản và thị giác.)
Tư duy phản biện là một công cụ rất tuyệt vời để hoàn thiện bản thân và tạo nên những bước ngoặt trong cuộc sống cũng như trong sự nghiệp. Bài viết về tư duy phản biện và những cuốn sách kể trên chỉ là những người dẫn đường đầu tiên, để thành công, bạn nên tìm cơ hội để thực hành dựa vào lý thuyết và tự rút ra bài học cho mình.
Tích cực trau dồi kiến thức cho bản thân
Người có tư duy phản biện thường có khả năng ăn nói tốt, có thể tranh luận với người khác một cách dễ dàng. Tuy nhiên, để lập luận tốt chúng ta cần không ngừng trau dồi kiến thức tổng quát, nắm vững thông tin đa dạng về tất cả các lĩnh vực có liên quan đến ngành nghề mình đang làm việc và cả những ngành nghề không thuộc công việc của mình. Tạp thói quen quan sát và học hỏi nhiều kiến thức để khi tranh luận thì mình luôn là người nắm rõ các thông tin chính xác để làm người khác thuyết phục.
Muốn có tư duy phản biện tốt, các bạn cần có cái nhìn khách quan về một vấn đề nào đó, không nghĩ hay giải quyết vấn đề theo cảm tính hay đặt cái tôi quá nhiều để nhìn nhận một vấn đề. Hãy bỏ cái nhìn chủ quan và thay thế bằng suy nghĩ khách quan, có như vậy thì bạn mới có thể lập luận vấn đề một cách chính xác.
Khi giải quyết một vấn đề thì cần có thêm những câu hỏi tự đặt ra để nó trở nên hoàn thiện hơn. nhìn nhận vấn đề dưới nhiều góc độ để phòng tránh mọi trường hợp không hay có thể xảy ra ngoài suy nghĩ của mình. Đây cũng là cách để giải quyết mọi vấn đề một cách chỉn chu, tránh sai sót.
Tạo lập thói quen đặt câu hỏi để rèn luyện khả năng tư duy. (Ảnh: Internet)
Khi nhận diện một vấn đề nào đó, đầu tiên là chúng ta nắm rõ thông tin chính xác về vấn đề gì? Về ai? Về điều gì? Liên quan đến lĩnh vực gì? Sau đó, dựa trên những cơ sở khoa học và logic, hãy lên những câu hỏi để làm rõ vấn đề. Tại sao A mà không phải B, A đúng hay B đúng, nếu là A thì kết quả thế nào, B thì kết quả thế nào, cái nào mới là cái đúng và chính xác. Từ đó rút ra kết luận và nguyên nhân cho vấn đề trên.
